谈温馨提示
郭旺生
在生活中，我们随处可见各种各样的温馨提示：小心地滑，小心台阶，小心碰头…..相信大家已经见惯不怪了，温馨提示在体现温馨的同时，还是一个重要的免责或者减轻责任的事由。
在商家的经营场所，由于地滑、台阶高等原因，不时会有人跌倒碰伤，纠纷也由此发生，伤者认为商家没尽安全保障义务，商家认为已经尽了提示责任，仍然有人受伤属于意外事件。究竟孰对孰错？
《消费者权益保护法》第十八条规定：“经营者应当保证其提供的商品或者服务符合保障人身、财产安全的要求……经营者发现其提供的商品或者服务存在严重缺陷，即使正确使用商品或者接受服务仍然可能对人身、财产安全造成危害的，应当立即向有关行政部门报告和告知消费者，并采取防止危害发生的措施。”第四十一条规定：“经营者提供商品或者服务，造成消费者或者其他受害人人身伤害的，应当支付医疗费、治疗期间的护理费、因误工减少的收入等费用，造成残疾的，还应当支付残疾者生活费、残疾赔偿金以及由其扶养的人所必需的生活费等费用……”以及《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第六条规定：“从事住宿、餐饮、娱乐等经营活动或者其他社会活动的自然人、法人、其他组织，未尽合理限度范围内的安全保障义务致使他人遭受人身损害，赔偿权利人请求其承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持。因第三人侵权导致损害结果发生的，由实施侵权行为的第三人承担赔偿责任。安全保障义务人有过错的，应当在其能够防止或者制止损害的范围内承担相应的补充赔偿责任。”。
从上述法律法规可以看出，对经营场所进行维护，防止发生伤人事故是经营者的责任，但这种责任去到哪一层次，去到哪一层次才是合理则是关键。根据现行法律规定，经营者对于经营场所的的义务在于注意以及提示。顾客个人的人身、财产安全，最终还要靠个人注意和保障，而不应无限扩大经营者的责任。例如，酒店的花岗岩楼梯面，岩面光滑，是否有防滑设施就是衡量经营者是否尽了注意义务的依据；在设置了防滑措施后，是否有温馨提示则是衡量其是否有履行提示义务的依据。一旦满足上述两个条件，经营者的责任将会被降至最低甚至完全免责。
中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定(附英文)
国务院
中华人民共和国国务院关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定(附英文)
1980年10月30日，国务院
规定
第一条 为了有利于发展国际经济贸易交往，管理外国公司、企业和其它经济组织（以下简称外国企业）常驻中国的代表机构，特制订本规定。
第二条 外国企业确有需要在中国设立常驻代表机构的，必须提出申请，经过批准，办理登记手续。
未经批准、登记的，不得开展常驻业务活动。
第三条 外国企业申请在中国设立常驻代表机构时，应当提交以下证件和材料：
一、由该企业董事长或者总经理签署的申请书，内容包括常驻代表机构名称、负责人员、业务范围、驻在期限、驻在地点等；
二、由该企业所在国或者所在地区的有关当局出具的开业合法证书；
三、由同该企业有业务往来的金融机构出具的资本信用证明书；
四、该企业委任常驻代表机构人员的授权书和各该人员的简历。
金融业、保险业申请设立常驻代表机构，除应当按照前款第一、二、四项规定提交证件和材料外，还应当同时提交该总公司的资负和损益年报、组织章程、董事会董事名单。
第四条 外国企业设立常驻代表机构的申请，分别由下列机关批准：
一、贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商，报请中华人民共和国对外贸易部批准；
二、金融业、保险业，报请中国人民银行批准；
三、海运业、海运代理商，报请中华人民共和国交通部批准；
四、航空运输业，报请中国民用航空总局批准；
五、其它行业，按照业务性质，报请中华人民共和国政府的主管委、部、局批准。
第五条 外国企业设立常驻代表机构的申请获得批准后，应当在批准之日起的三十天内，持批准证件向中华人民共和国工商行政管理总局办理登记手续，填写登记表，缴纳登记费，领取登记证。逾期没有办理登记手续的，应当缴回原批准证件。
第六条 常驻代表机构按照第四条规定获得批准后，其人员和家属应当持批准证件向当地公安机关申请办理居留手续，领取居留证件。
第七条 常驻代表机构要求变更机构名称、负责人员、业务范围、驻在期限、驻在地点时，应当向原批准机关提出申请，获得批准后，持批准证件向中华人民共和国工商行政管理总局办理变更登记手续，缴纳变更登记费，并向当地公安机关申请办理居留证件的变更手续。
第八条 常驻代表机构应当持登记证，按照中国银行的有关规定，在中国银行或者中国银行指定的银行开立帐户。
第九条 常驻代表机构及其人员，应当遵照中国税法规定，向当地税务机关办理纳税登记手续，照章纳税。
第十条 常驻代表机构及其人员进口所需要的办公、生活用品和交通工具，应当向中国海关申报，并照章缴纳关税和工商统一税。
进口的交通车辆船舶，应当向当地公安机关登记，领取牌照、执照，并向当地税务机关缴纳车辆、船舶使用牌照税。
上述进口物品不得私自转让、出售。需要转让、出售的，应当事先向海关提出申请，获取批准。出售进口物品，只准售予指定商店。
第十一条 常驻代表机构租用房屋、聘请工作人员，应当委托当地外事服务单位或者中国政府指定的其它单位办理。
第十二条 中华人民共和国政府依法保护常驻代表机构及其人员的合法权益，并对其正常业务活动提供方便。
第十三条 常驻代表机构不得在中国境内架设电台。对于业务需要的商业性电信线路、通信设备等，应当向当地电信局申请租用。
第十四条 常驻代表机构的人员及其家属在中国的一切活动和进出中国国境，都应当遵守中国的法律、法令和有关规定。
第十五条 常驻代表机构及其人员违反本规定或者有其它违法活动，中国有关主管机关有权进行检查和依法处理。
第十六条 常驻代表机构驻在期限届满或者提前终止业务活动，应当在终止业务活动的三十天前以书面通知原批准机关，并于债务、税务和其它有关事宜清理完毕后，向原发登记证机关办理注销登记，缴销登记证。
原外国企业对其常驻代表机构的未了事宜，应当继续承担责任。
第十七条 已经批准设立的常驻代表机构，应当在本规定公布之日起的三十天内，持批准证件，向中华人民共和国工商行政管理总局补办登记手续。
第十八条 本规定未尽事宜，应当根据中国有关法律、法令和规定办理。
第十九条 外国企业在中国设立常驻代表，都比照设立常驻代表机构，适用本规定。
第二十条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
INTERIM PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE ADMI-NISTRATION OF RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE ADMI-
NISTRATION OF RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
(Promulgated by the State Council on October 30, 1980)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to facilitating the
development of international economic and trade contacts and the
administration of resident representative offices in China of foreign
companies, enterprises and other economic organizations (hereinafter
referred to as "foreign enterprises").
Article 2
Any foreign enterprise desiring to establish a resident representative
office in China shall file an application for permission and, after
securing approval, go through the registration procedure. No resident
representative office to be established is allowed to start business
activities as such before approval and registration.
Article 3
When applying for permission to establish a resident representative office
in China, a foreign enterprise shall submit the following certificates and
papers:
a) an application form signed by the chairman of the board of directors or
the general manager of the enterprise. The application form shall include
such details as the name of the resident representative office to be
established, the name(s) of the responsible staff member(s), the scope of
activity, duration and site of the office;
b) the legal document sanctioning the operation of that enterprise issued
by the authorities of the country or the region in which that enterprise
operates;
c) the capital creditability document(s) issued by the financial
institution(s)
having business contacts with that enterprise; and
d) the credentials and resumes of the staff members of the resident
representative office appointed by that enterprise.
A banking or insurance institution which desires to open a resident
representative office shall, apart from submitting the certificates and
papers as specified in Paragraphs a, b and d, submit at the same time an
annual report showing the assets and liabilities and losses and profits of
the head office of that institution, its articles of association and the
composition of its board of directors
Article 4
Foreign enterprises wishing to establish resident representative offices
shall, according to their respective lines of business, apply to one of
the following departments for approval:
a) a trading or manufacturing enterprise or a shipping agency shall apply
to the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the People's Republic of China;
b) a financial or insurance institution shall apply to the People's Bank
of China; c) a maritime shipping enterprise or a maritime shipping agency
shall apply to the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of
China;
d) an air transport enterprise shall apply to the General Administration
of Civil Aviation of China;
e) enterprises outside these lines of business shall, according to the
nature of their operations, apply to the competent commissions, ministries
or bureaus under the Government of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
When granted approval to establish a resident office, a foreign enterprise
shall, within 30 days as of the date of approval, approach the State
Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of
China, on the strength of the approval document, for going through the
registration procedure. The enterprise shall fill in a registration form,
pay registration fee and receive a registration certificate. The original
approval document shall be recalled in case of failure to register at the
expiry of the specified period.
Article 6
After the approval for the establishment of a resident representative
office is granted in accordance with the stipulations in Article 4, the
staff members of that office and their families shall, on the strength of
the approval document, go through the necessary formalities with the local
public security organ to obtain residence permits.
Article 7
When a resident representative office is to change its name, responsible
member(s), scope of operation, duration or address, it shall apply to the
original approving department and, after securing approval, approach the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce, on the strength of the
approval document, for going through the procedure for effecting changes
in registration and pay the fees. It shall also go through the procedures
with the local public security organ for changes of residence permits.
Article 8
A resident representative office shall, on the strength of the
registration certifi-cates and in accordance with the relevant
stipulations of the Bank of China, open an account at the Bank of China or
at any bank designated by the Bank of China.
Article 9
A resident representative office and its staff members shall, in
accordance with the stipulations of China's tax laws, go through the tax
registration procedure with the local tax office and pay taxes
accordingly.
Article 10
A resident representative office and its staff members shall declare to
China's Customs the imported office articles, articles for daily use and
means of transport and pay customs duties and the consolidated industrial
and commercial taxes as stipulated. Imported vehicles and ships shall be
registered with the local public security organ for obtaining the licence
plates and permits. Dues shall be paid to the local tax office for the use
of the vehicles and ships. Unauthorized transfer or sale of the above-
mentioned imported goods is not permitted. Where the need to effect a
transfer or sale arises, an application shall be submitted to the Customs
for approval before such transfer or sale can be effected. Such imported
goods can be sold only to designated shops.
Article 11
A resident representative office shall entrust local service units for
foreigners or other service units designated by the Chinese Government
with such matters as renting a house or engaging the service of Chinese
personnel.
Article 12
The Government of the People's Republic of China shall undertake to
protect, in accordance with the law, the legitimate rights and interests
of resident representative offices and their staff members and give them
facilities in their normal business activities.
Article 13
Resident offices are not allowed to install radio stations on Chinese
territory. They shall apply to the local telecommunications bureaus for
the renting of such commercial communications lines or communications
equipment as may be necessary for their business operations.
Article 14
The staff members of a resident representative office and their families
shall abide by Chinese laws, decrees and relevant regulations in all their
activities in China and in entering and leaving China.
Article 15
In case a resident representative office and its members violate these
Provisions or engage in other activities in contravention of Chinese laws,
the Chinese authorities have the power to look into the cases and deal
with them in accordance with the law.
Article 16
A resident representative office, when the duration of its operation
expires, or if it decides to end its business activities before the due
date, shall notify in writing the original approving department 30 days in
advance of the termination of its operation. After clearing up its debts,
paying its taxes and winding up other related matters, the resident office
shall go through the formalities with the original registration
certificate-issuing department for cancelling the registration and turn in
the certificate.
The foreign enterprise which the said resident representative office
represented, shall continue to be held responsible for any matter that the
said resident representative office may leave unfinished at the time of
its termination.
Article 17
Those resident representative offices that have already been established
with approval shall, within 30 days of the promulgation of these
Provisions, go through the procedure of registration with the State
Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of China
on the strength of their documents of approval.
Article 18
Any other matter that may not be covered in these Provisions shall be
handled in accordance with the relevant Chinese laws, decrees and
regulations.
Article 19
Matters relating to resident representatives to be instituted by foreign
enterprises shall be dealt with by applying mutatis mutandis these
Provisions applicable to the establishment of resident representative
offices.
Article 20
These Provisions shall enter into effect as of the date of promulgation.
